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Darwin's theories consist of seven main hypotheses. He was neither original nor claimed to be on transmutation or the struggle for existence. He proposed original hypotheses extending earlier theories of common descent and biogeographical speciation. Natural selection and sexual selection were his own theories, not influenced either by earlier formulations or by Wallace's independent discoveries. His theory of heredity was not original except in his specific and mistaken hypothesis of pangenesis. Finally, Darwin was working as a bona fide scientist in the science of his day, and his theories are not mere reflections of his religious, political or economic beliefs.
The following table summarises the conclusions:
Hypothesis |
Original to C Darwin |
Influenced |
First author |
---|---|---|---|
Transmutation of species |
No |
Possibly, by Lamarck, E Darwin, and Lyell's anti-Lamarckian arguments |
Lamarck or Erasmus Darwin in the scientific tradition |
Struggle for existence |
No |
Yes, by numerous scientists and writers (eg, Malthus, Tennyson). |
Heraclitus |
Common descent |
No, but first to propose single ancestor of all life |
Yes, by numerous scientists, especially von Baer and Owen. |
Maupertuis |
Biogeographical speciation |
No |
Numerous scientists, esp. Wallace. |
Gmelin, von Buch |
Natural selection |
No |
No. Independently discovered by Wallace. |
Wells (not as mechanism of evolution - Darwin was first in this) |
Sexual selection |
Yes |
Possibly by comments by Erasmus Darwin. |
C Darwin |
Heredity (use and disuse) |
No |
Yes, possibly by Lamarck. |
Ancient |
Heredity (pangenesis) |
Yes |
Yes |
C Darwin |
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