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The Talk.Origins Archive: Exploring the Creation/Evolution Controversy

Feedback for November 2004

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Response: There were two very similar comments submitted this month, but without very clear reference as to their actual topic. Apparently "Meg" said something at sometime about a Dr. James Allan on a creationist web site.

Hopefully everyone is satisfied now.

Editor's note (added December 19, 2004): The letter was a reply to an October 2004 feedback by "Meg".

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Response: I went to that site looking for anti- or pro-evolution pages and found nothing that stood out. Can you be more specific? We would love to add them to our links page.
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Response: OK, then. <marge simpson>Now let's never mention it again </marge simpson>
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Author of: Dino Blood and the Young Earth
Response: I took the liberty of combining two out of three consecutive posts by friend "troza" and extracting their real question from various failed claims of fact. I am often struck by the absolute certainty that some Feedback corespondents have concerning such very mistaken notions.

The first issue regarding the depth of the meteoric lunar dust is a commonly promoted misconception. It is so popular with some young Earth creationists that it had received its very own TalkOrigins FAQ Meteorite Dust and the Age of the Earth as long ago as 1996. In fact, even ur-creationists such as Answers in Genesis have highlighted this as a leading "Arguments we think creationists should NOT use."

The parenthetical comment regarding the Earth's magnetic field resulting in a 10,000 year age of the Earth is simply false. The residual magnetism that can be measured in archaeological features such as hearths, or ovens can be used to date some sites, but the method is fundamentally correlative. Similarly, magnetic field polarity reversals can be used to bracket geological and paleontological events.

However, I suspect that our YEC friend is referring to the bogus claim that the Earth's magnetic field is weakening, and that this so-called effect can be projected in some way to estimate the age of the Earth. "The Age of the Earth" FAQ by Chris Stassen easily debunks this one. (Mr. Stassen also addressed the Moon Dust claim). A more detailed examination of this phony argument is again by Dr. Tim Thompson in his T.O. article "On Creation Science and the Alleged Decay of the Earth's Magnetic Field."

Troza's next bit of logic is quite puzzling. Neither archaeologists, geologists, nor paleontologists use the stratigraphic position of an object to "measure" its age. Independent dating methods can be used to determine the age of a particular strata, and then this can be correlated to other strata. This can be confusing to some. What is the most difficult to understand is how our corespondent could imagine that starta can be deposited "sideways?" The nearest I can imagine are the field observations of tilted, or folded deposits having been confused for original in situ formations. These are of course events that occurred long after the original deposition of the sediments in question. Creationists have used tilted strata to concoct spurious "proofs" of the Noah's Flood story, for example "A Whale of a Tale.

Uranium-iron dating is of course "very inaccurate." In fact, it is impossible because uranium does not decay into iron. From the context of these bold declarations, I would guess that troza had misremembered something from a YEC denial of radiometric dating. Many of these exist, and have in turn been debunked by several TalkOrigins FAQs. In addition to "The Age of the Earth" mentioned above, I recommend "Radiometric Dating and the Geological Time Scale." And specifically for those few people who would not credit anyone not expressly giving a Christian perspective, I can suggest that they read "Radiometric Dating: A Christian Perspective" by Dr. Roger C. Wiens.

So then, finally the real question, "How then is evolution, requiring many billions of years possible on a planet not nearly 1 billion years old? "

Evolution is simply an observed fact, see "Evolution is a Fact and a Theory" and also, "29+ Evidences for Macroevolution: The Scientific Case for Common Descent." There are multiple mechanisms operating, and scientists differ on the relative merits and significance of these mechanisms. There is no logical demand that evolution happen in a specific time frame, other than those imposed by our data. We know that certain evolutionary events happened at certain times, but there is no theoretical device that insists that evolution follow a strict time schedule. Oh, and besides, the Earth is about 4.5 billions of years old. Quite ample evidently.

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Response: It's not really relevant to the issue of evolutionary biology and its education. Moreover, anything we could say individually or collectively would be guaranteed to offend some portion of our readers, no matter what position we took. Consider how offensive it would be to ask this of Mohammed or Buddha.
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Response: Hi Winarto

I'm no specialist, so take this with a grain of salt, but:

1. The most likely ancestral species for humans (Homo sapiens) is either H. ergaster or H. erectus. The erectus species (called Erectus for short, but that's not the scientific name) is widespread throughout Asia, and probably evolved from Ergaster itself, which would make it a "sister" species to us, along with the Neandertals (Homo neanderthalensis, which evolved from a prior descendent species of Ergaster, Homo heidelbergensis. The Flores species looks to be an island dwarf species of Erectus. When large bodied mammals are isolated in small islands, there is strong selection for them to become smaller.

2. Archaeopteryx is, as I understand it, a member of the "avian" group because it has what were thought at the time to be bird-characters despite its obvious dinosaurian teeth, skeleton and tail. Incidentally, modern taxonomists do not treat "reptile" as a natural group, but birds are well within the dinosaurian group. In fact, Archie can easily be mistaken for another kind fo dinosaur on the basis of its skeleton, a Compsognathus dinosaur. It's the feathers that give it away. But now, based on fossils found in China, we know that many non-avian dinosaurs had feathers too, including the group from which the famous T. rex comes.

So the short answer is that in terms of taxonomy, Archie is in the bird "clade", but it is a mosaic of avian and non-avian dinosaur traits.

3. Yes; in particular the Confuciornis fossils, also from China.

4. No. If it is a transitional fossil, then the existence of features that we might expect from one group to another do not disprove evolution, they strengthen it. Harun Yahya is unreliable, as are creationist sites in general.

We have read here (Australia and on the Internet in my case) of the challenge to Flores being an Erectus sister species, but as I understand it, as at the time of writing, the researcher had not even examined the specimens before declaring it not to be non-human, so how reliable the press reports, not to mention the critical faculties, of this are is unclear. Microcephalics have a particular skull shape this specimen does not have - it is beyond belief that an entire research group of physical anthropologists, trained in these matters, would fail to consider this, not to mention that the disease would independently occur in 7 randomly fossilised individuals.

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Response: We are not neutral on the subject of evolution. We explicitly state that we present the mainstream scientific view. We really see no point in anything else - if it isn't mainstream, it isn't science (yet), and there's no point teaching something in science that isn't science.
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Ah. You evidently did not read our welcome page:

"Why doesn't the archive contain any articles that support creationism?"

The Talk.Origins Archive exists to provide mainstream scientific responses to the frequently asked questions and frequently rebutted assertions that appear in talk.origins. The archive's policy is that readers should be given easy access to alternative views, but those who espouse alternative views should speak for themselves. Hence, the archive supplies links to relevant creationist web sites within many of its articles. It also maintains a frequently updated and extensive list of creationist and catastrophist web sites so that readers may familiarize themselves with anti-evolutionary perspectives on scientific issues.

Just because we are exploring the creation/evolution controversy doesn't mean we don't already know the lay of the land. Many of those who have contributed to this site have extensive libraries of works supporting creationism, and have reached their conclusions regarding the subject after years of study.

You say that you were expecting impartiality. It is precisely because we wish to be impartial that we have not tried to summarize the views of various creationists, many of which are (to our view) contradictory. If we summarized them incorrectly, we would certainly be accused of bias on that score. For that reason, we provide an extensive list of links to creationist sources. To my knowledge, it is the largest list of such links available anywhere. In addition, we provide direct links from most of our articles to creationist articles on the same subject.

We don't expect our readers to simply take our word for it; in fact, we encourage them to follow the applicable links and, most importantly, to read the peer-reviewed literature we cite in our articles. Evolutionary biology is an enormously large subject; we've tried our best to summarize it and give supporting details, but in the end, you may have to do some work and wade into the details yourself

One final point: There really is no such thing as "the theory of evolution." "Evolution" includes both a massive quantity of facts and numerous theories ("theory" = "model," not "guess") to explain those facts. The theories of evolution, which include not only natural selection, but also sexual selection, genetic drift, and others, have been supported by the facts--observational and experimental data. They are as well-confirmed as any other scientific theory. This is why we say that evolution is both fact and theory.

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Response: The "law of biogenesis" arose to deal with modern organisms (in particular gall wasps and maggots) arising from prior living things. At no point was it intended to rule out the possibility of some simple life arising from protobiotic chemistry.

See the Spontaneous Generation FAQ for a full historical review of this.

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USENET is a worldwide bulletin board system that can be accessed through the Internet or through many online services. USENET contains more than 14,000 forums, called newsgroups, that cover every imaginable interest group. One of those newsgroups is talk.origins.

"NNTP" stands for Network News Transfer Protocol. It is the protocol by which USENET messages are passed from computer to computer.

Many Internet service providers have a USENET news server. If the ISP is named "isp.com," the news server will often be found at "news.isp.com."

If your ISP does not have a news server, you can still access newsgroups through portals on the World Wide Web. Probably the most used portal is Google Groups. You can access talk.origins there.

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Response: Certainly. Evolution should be taught in science classes as the organizing principle of biology. Students should learn about creationism in comparative religion courses, where they could find out about the creation myths of many cultures and religions. In civics courses, students could be taught about the dangers of politically mandating non-science to be taught as science, where the Lysenko affair in the former Soviet Union is a good example. The political motivation of modern creationism would be an excellent topic for exploration in a civics course.
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Response: Rodolfo apologised above. Also, I invoked the Marge Simpson Principle...

My experience is that there is nothing so strongly felt as a political affiliation. This is probably something that goes right back to our proto-human ancestors. Frans de Waal has shown how chimpanzees make alliances and express "political" views (sometimes violently). It is no shock that we do too. So we can perhaps cut him a little slack, as it arose in the context of a rather bitter election campaign in the US.

A conservative liberal...

John

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Response: It's hard to take seriously someone who basically repeats every single canard that is refuted on the site without even checking. If God relies on this sort of support, He's in a lot of trouble. Of course, God wouldn't.
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Response: First, the author of the FAQ you are referring to, is himself a Ph.D. developmental biologist, so he does not need Wells (or you) to inform him as to what "gill slits" (pharyngeal clefts) are.

Secondly, if you had read what Dr. Myers wrote in the FAQ you would already have learned much of what I am about to tell you (and presumably wouldn't have sent a feedback message containing such silly comments). I suggest you go back and read it again.

Third and finally, Wells does not point "out a very good point" about pharyngeal clefts here, this is because his claim that pharyngeal clefts in reptiles, birds, and mammals "are never "gill-like" except in the superficial sense that they form a series of parallel lines in the neck region" (Wells 2000, p.106, emphasis in original), is misleading to the point of deception.

The clear meaning of Wells' statement quoted above (as Ms. Riendeau paraphrases here) is that the only similarity between what we call pharyngeal clefts in fish and what we call pharyngeal clefts in terrestrial vertebrates are some folds in the skin of the neck region of the embryo. This is simply counterfactual.

The pharyngeal clefts are only the exterior parts of a whole collection of anatomical structures which all vertebrates have at some point in their lives. In fact the presence of this collection of structures is one of the defining characteristics of vertebrates. At the bottom of each pharyngeal cleft there is a thin membrane of skin that separates the outside of the neck from a corresponding (pharyngeal) pouch in the throat. This membrane opens up permanently in adult fish to allow water taken in through the mouth to flow out over the gills. It also opens temporarily in the larva of amphibians and in the embryos of some reptiles and birds. The ridges running between the clefts (and pouches) each contain a cartilaginous rod, a nerve, and an artery. In adult fish and amphibian larva these arteries develop extensions which form the actual gills, in reptiles, birds, and mammals they do not.

Dr. Wells, is a Ph.D. developmental biologist (who worked with frog embryos), and therefore has to know about these further similarities. The readers can draw their own conclusions as to why he neglects to inform his audience as to their existence.

Wells goes on to argue that "the only way to see "gill-like" structures in human embryos is to read evolution into development." However this is easily falsified by the facts of the history of science. The use of the term gill-slits to refer to these structures predates Darwin's publishing of the Origin Of Species(1859), which brought evolution into the scientific mainstream. How is it that pre-Darwin scientists, who were mostly creationists of one sort or another, would "read evolution into development"?

In fact the only scientist I know to have claimed that the embryos of terrestrial vertebrates actually use their "gill-slits" as gills was Louise Agassiz, a creationist and ardent opponent of Darwin's theory.

The higher Vertebrates, including man himself, breathe through gill-like organs in the early part of their life. These gills disappear and give place to lungs only in a later phase of their existence. (Agassiz 1874)

The existence of these gill-like (or more accurately "embryonic gill-like") structures in terrestrial vertebrates is understandable under the theory of descent with modification. Under creationism it is a complete mystery.

Reference:

Agassiz, Louise (1874) "Evolution and Permanence of Type", reprinted in Darwin and His Critics (1973) by David L. Hull, p.440

Wells, Jonathan (2000) Icons Of Evolution

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Author of: Dino Blood and the Young Earth
Response: Thanks for sharing that. Personally it gave me a boost.

A quick search shows that there are nearly 100 references to AiG in the archive, and not all are even critical.

One of my favorite bits from AiG's responce to you was: "If the Talk Origins are truly reputable articles, then they will appear in a reputable peer reviewed journal and then we will take interest in them."

The AiG crowd has negligible publications, and they apparently don't even read science journals competently. This was evident in when I wrote Dino-blood and the Young Earth (linked above). They are also mistaken that reviewed science journals would waste the vast amount of ink that it takes to refute creationism. And finally, I have a good number of refereed journal articles and have read for several journals over the years. The amount of critical review for a TalkOrigins FAQ article generally exceeds my experiences with professional journals.

I also got a good laugh when I read: "As Christians, we believe the Bible which says not to lie."

Now, as Christian, or Hindu, or Buddhist, or Jew, or Muslim, or Taoist, or moral humanist, and so on, we have all agreed that it is destructive of our personal relationships and the credibility of our arguments to tell falsehoods. This is why I find it so odd that AiG persists in it so diligently.

As a case in point, when friend Ryan writes, "... and check every fact all the way back to a single source document and their logic," he seems to have forgotten the very focus of your question: why doesn't Answers in Genesis facilitate their readers by fully citing and/or linking sources? AiG commonly fails to properly quote, or cite their sources, much to their discredit.

Thanks for your efforts.

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Response: Actually, the reason I got involved in debunking antievolution was the unbelievable level of mendacity that was apparent in the arguments that self-professed Christians were making. As a Christian, this offended me greatly. I consider this activity of mine in part a calling, to help repair some of the damage that religious antievolutionists have done.

Yes, some of the people who contribute articles, time, and effort to help keep the TalkOrigins Archive running are atheists. Others of us are not atheists. I have corresponded with most of the TOA volunteers for years, and have found only scrupulous honesty in their actions, and a willingness to correct error when it is found. It's a far better record than what I've encountered in the antievolution ranks.

As for the article that Answers in Genesis recommends, we do have a response here.

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Response: Further in response to these comments:

If the Talk Origins are truly reputable articles, then they will appear in a reputable peer reviewed journal and then we will take interest in them. If they don't make it there then there is no sense wasting our time with those lay opinions since they can't pass other scientists' approval. You shouldn't waste your time there either.

First, while most of the material in the Talk.Origins Archive regards science and scientific evidence, it is not, nor is it intended to be original scientific research such as one would find in peer reviewed scientific journals. Rather much of the material in the Archive are rebuttals to the (non-peer reviewed) pseudoscientific claims of antievolutionists, rebuttals that often cite the peer reviewed literature as sources of information.

The debunking of (non-peer reviewed) pseudoscience doesn't require peer review, and peer reviewed scientific journals usually have better things to do than rehash settled arguments such as the scientific merit of evolutionary theory.

That being said interested readers might want to review our Awards, Honors, and Favorable Notices page which lists favorable mentions in peer reviewed science journals, science magazines and by scientific organizations. It also lists numerous college courses which use Archive material.

Compare this with the corresponding list on the Answers in Genesis page…

Oh wait, there isn't one.

Never mind.

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Response: Bombardier Beetle and the Argument of Design by Mark Isaak will more than adequately answer your question. As is too often the case, creationist anti-science as let you down.
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Response: Nice troll. Who are you really?
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Author of: Evolution and Chance
Response: Yes, let's explore the meaning of the word "chance" indeed.
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Response: Harold Urey, an astrophysicist, thought that the early atmosphere was reducing, and his graduate student Stanley Miller ran the famous experiment as part of his PhD under Urey. We no longer think Urey's 1950s hypothesis was correct, but the Miller/Urey experiment showed something nobody knew before - ordinary chemical processes can create amino acids, from which proteins are made. That hasn't changed. We now know a good many more ways this can occur. A very recent paper showed that these can be manufactured in ordinary water:

Science. 2004 Oct 8;306(5694):283-6.

Carbonyl sulfide-mediated prebiotic formation of peptides.

Leman L, Orgel L, Ghadiri MR.

Almost all discussions of prebiotic chemistry assume that amino acids, nucleotides, and possibly other monomers were first formed on the Earth or brought to it in comets and meteorites, and then condensed nonenzymatically to form oligomeric products. However, attempts to demonstrate plausibly prebiotic polymerization reactions have met with limited success. We show that carbonyl sulfide (COS), a simple volcanic gas, brings about the formation of peptides from amino acids under mild conditions in aqueous solution. Depending on the reaction conditions and additives used, exposure of alpha-amino acids to COS generates peptides in yields of up to 80% in minutes to hours at room temperature.

There is no barrier to the origin of life simply because that old hypothesis turned out not to be true.
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Author of: Ancient Molecules and Modern Myths
Response: It is always a good idea to suspect arguments from the anti-evolutionists at AiG. They seem to have misrepresented the facts in this case as well. Our corespondent does not identify the particular article on the AiG website he is referring to, but "The Primitive atmosphere" from 1980 carries the message that the oxygen free early atmosphere is a mere fabrication for athiestic scientists. Otherwise, it is better than most AiG efforts by the standard of accurately portraying the science of the late 1970s.

The discussion that the evolution of the Earth's began with a reduced atmosphere is an ongoing effort quite independent of origin of life speculations. The first substantive data came in the 1932 observation that Jupiter had a reduced atmosphere containing major amounts of ammonia and methane. The earliest clear linkage between the origin of life (non-magical) and a reducing atmosphere was made in by A. I. Oparin in 1936. Harold Urey was primarily interested in the origin of planets and his first important article on the origin of life was not published until 1952. It was following a lecture based on this topic that prompted Stanley Miller to approach Urey and propose an experiment to test the hypotheis that a reduced mix of gases plus energy could generate complex organic molecules. This was the famous Miller/Urey experiment that showed that amino acids could be produced by purely chemical means. First published by Miller in a 2 page, 1953 Science article titled "A Production of Amino Acids Under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions," this result has been the creationist's "boogy-man" ever since. Miller and Urey jointly published a paper in 1959 which also gives a good review of their reasoning about the Earth's early atmosphere and its bearing on the origin of life. Also important is the 1983 paper by G. Schlesinger and S.L. Miller which presents the results of experiments with gas mixtures other than the first highly reduced mix Miller used 30 years earlier. Additional information is on the TalkOrigins Archive in Nic Tamzek's review of Icons of Evolution, "Icon of Obfuscation.

As pointed out by Dr. Wilkins, origin of life research has progressed significantly since the 1950s, as has the geochemical study of the early atmoshpere. Based on current geochemical data, the atmosphere nearest the origin of life minimally was anoxic (no free oxygen) and had highly reduced oases. Upper atmosphere photo-disassociation of water interestingly would be a good source for UV blocking ozone, which can also have been produced by the photodisassociation of water in ice.

The primitive chemistry of the cell is reducing, and most scientists today who study the topic conclude that the Earth's earliest environment was reducing. One observation did not drive the other, but they are mutually supportive of abiogenesis. If you have access to a decent library, I suggest that you read "Dating the rise of atmospheric oxygen" A. BEKKER, H. D. HOLLAND, P.-L. WANG, D. RUMBLE III, H. J. STEIN, J. L. HANNAH3, L. L. COETZEE & N. J. BEUKES Nature 427, 117 - 120 (08 January 2004) which gives a good review of the current understanding. Geochemist Hiroshi Ohmoto is the strongest advocate for an early oxygen rich atmosphere working today, and he places this much later than the apparent origin of life prior to 3.7 billion years ago.

Miller, Stanley L., 1953 “A Production of Amino Acids Under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions” Science vol. 117:528-529

Miller, Stanley, Harold C. Urey 1959 “Organic Compound Synthesis on the Primitive Earth” Science vol 139 Num 3370: 254-251

Oparin, A. I. 1953 Origin of Life. New York:Dover Publications (Re-issue of the 1938 Morgulis translation)

G. Schlesinger and S.L. Miller 1983 PREBIOTIC SYNTHESIS IN ATMOSPHERES CONTAINING CH4, CO, AND CO2. I. AMINO ACIDS. J Mol Evol 19:376.

Urey, Harold C. 1952 “On the early chemical history of the Earth and the origin of life” PNAS vol. 38:351-363

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Response: You are correct about the first post - Darwin said none of those things, although he did say, in a letter to Sir Charles Lyell, shortly after the Origin was published:

I have received, in a Manchester newspaper, rather a good squib, showing that I have proved "might is right," and therefore that Napoleon is right, and every cheating tradesman is also right.

He definitely didn't think this was what he had said or meant, but the canard, as so many with Darwin, is an old one. Darwin was, in fact, a strongly moral man who supported charities and the welfare of many others. He opposed slavery forcefully, and paid money to public works (almost always anonymously).

As to the second one, yes, it is true that we might have an afterlife in a natural manner (suppose there was a physical essence that made us the individuals we are), but, as it happens, we do not. All our physics, biology and knowledge tells us that if we survive death, it is not in physical terms; at least, not yet. So Chris' assumption can be taken as read, I think.

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Response: I wonder how much your acquanitance knows about reproductive biology. I know that I used to be single-celled, as once were my parents before me.
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